Effect of Different Extracts and Fractions of Senna Siamea Leaf on Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum
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Abstract
Salmonellosis in poultry is treated with antibiotics. This often leads to antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance, thereby posing a serious health challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Senna siamea leaf extracts and fractions against Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum the causative agents of fowl typhoid and pullorum disease in poultry. Senna siamea leaf extracts were prepared by maceration of the pulverized leaves in petroleum ether. Different quantities of the marc (residue) obtained were macerated in methanol, ethanol, and water. The ethanol extract was further fractionated into chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous fractions. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and fractions were evaluated in vitro using the agar well diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts and fractions were also determined. The results showed that the three extracts (methanol, ethanol, and aqueous) demonstrated a concentration-dependent increase in inhibition of S. pullorum and S. gallinarum, with the aqueous extract exhibiting the highest inhibitory activity at 800 mg/mL with inhibition zone diameters of 17.0 ± 0.1 mm and 19.0 ± 0.1 mm against S. pullorum and S. gallinarum, respectively. Among the fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity at 200 mg/mL against S. gallinarum with inhibition zone diameter of 24.0 ± 0.1 mm, while the chloroform and n-butanol fractions showed the highest inhibitory activity at 200 mg/mL against S. pullorum. These findings suggest that Senna siamea leaves is a promising source of bioactive compound(s) that could be used in the treatment of fowl typhoid and pullorum disease caused by Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum, thereby reducing the issue of antibiotics residues in meat and eggs.
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