The pH of Commercially Available Non-Alcoholic Beverages In Nigeria and the Dental Health Implications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26538/tjpps/v4i1.1Keywords:
Dental erosion, Dental enamel, Acidity, pH, Non-alcoholic beveragesAbstract
The objective of this study was to determine the pH values of commercially available non-alcoholic beverages in Nigeria and utilize the information to evaluate their potential erosive effects on dental health. One hundred and eighty commercial brands of non-alcoholic beverages comprising soda drinks (23%), energy drinks (17%), fruit drinks (25%), malt drinks (5%), teas (13%), and bottled waters (17%) were randomly purchased from different sales outlets in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. The pH of the beverages was measured in triplicates using a standardised pH meter and reported as mean and standard deviation. The potentials for dental erosion were calculated based on the relative erosivity zones of the samples using a threshold of pH 4.0. The pH of the soda drinks ranged from 2.35-3.93, energy drinks 2.57-3.71, fruit drinks 2.49-4.27, malt drinks 4.00-4.61, teas 3.28-6.38, and bottled waters 3.03-7.73. The erosive potentials of the beverages were categorised as extremely erosive (pH <3.0), erosive (pH 3.0-3.99), and minimally erosive (pH ≥4.0) at 33 %, 33 %, and 34 %, respectively of the total number of samples. The high acidity of non-alcoholic beverages can have a significant impact on dental health.
References
Yang L, Bovet P, Liu Y, Zhao M, Ma C, Liang Y, Xi B. Consumption of carbonated soft drinks among young adolescents aged 12 to 15 years in 53 low-and middle-income countries. Am. J. Public Health 2017; 107(7):1095-1000.
Statista Research Department. Revenue of the non-alcoholic drinks market worldwide by country in 2023. Available at: https://www.statista.com/forecasts/758664/revenue-of-the-non-alcoholic-drinks-market-worldwide-by-country. Accessed October 9, 2024.
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). Consumption expenditure pattern in Nigeria-2019. Nigeria: National Bureau of Statistics, 2020.
Nik Mohd Rosdy NM, Mohd Amin NA, Roslan N. Erosive Potential and Sugar Content of Popular Beverages: A Double Whammy for Dentition. Int. J. Dent 2023(1):9924186. doi: 10.1155/2023/9924186.
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). Soft drinks regulations. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette 2021; 108(158):B3301-3307.
Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Public Health 2007; 97(4):667-675.
Adedeji OJ, Lucero-Prisno III DE. Taxation on beverages in Nigeria: Impact and burden of the new policy. Popul. Med. 2022; 4:10. doi: 10.18332/popmed/146129.
Gambon DL, Brand HS, Veerman EC. Dental erosion in the 21st century: what is happening to nutritional habits and lifestyle in our society? Br. Dent. J. 2012; 213(2):55-57.
Reddy A, Norris DF, Momeni SS, Waldo B, Ruby JD. The pH of beverages in the United States. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2016; 147(4):255-263.
Tahmassebi JF, Banihani AJ. Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: a critical review. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 2020; 21:109-117.
Patel RM, Varma S, Suragimath G, Zope S. Estimation and comparison of salivary calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase and pH levels in periodontal health and disease: A cross-sectional biochemical study. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2016; 10:58-61.
Schmidt J, Huang B. The pH of bottled water commercially available in Australia and its implications for oral health. J. Water Health 2022; 20(5):871-876.
Wang YL, Chang CC, Chi CW, Chang HH, Chiang YC, Chuang YC, Chang HH, Huang GF, Liao YS, Lin CP. Erosive potential of soft drinks on human enamel: an in vitro study. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2014; 113(11):850-856.
Shroff P, Gondivkar SM, Kumbhare SP, Sarode S, Gadbail AR, Patil S. Analyses of the Erosive Potential of Various Soft Drinks and Packaged Fruit Juices on Teeth. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2018; 19(12):1546-1551
Harper RA, Shelton RM, James JD, Salvati E, Besnard C, Korsunsky AK, Landini G. Acid-induced demineralisation of human enamel as a function of time and pH observed using X-ray and polarised light imaging. Acta Biomater. 2021; 120:240–248.
Quartey-Papafio N, Odoom M, Sackeyfio J, Tormeti D. The acidity of some selected soft drinks on the Ghanaian market. Afr. J. Dent. 2019; 7(6):1-7.
Barajas-Torres, GC, Klünder-Klünder M, Garduño-Espinosa J, Parra-Ortega I, Franco-Hernández MI, Miranda-Lora AL. Effects of carbonated beverage consumption on oral pH and bacterial proliferation in adolescents: A randomized crossover clinical trial. Life 2022; 12:1776. doi:10.3390/life12111776
Epple M, Enax J, Meyer F. Prevention of caries and dental erosion by fluorides-A critical discussion based on physico-chemical data and principles. Dent. J. 2022; 10:6. doi:10.3390/dj10010006
Dawes C. What is the critical pH and why does a tooth dissolve in acid? J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 2003; 69(11):722–724
Larsen MJ, Nyvad B. Enamel erosion by some soft drinks and orange juices relative to their pH, buffering effect and contents of calcium phosphate. Caries Res. 1999; 33(1):81-87.
Barbour ME, Lussi A, Shellis RP. Screening and prediction of erosive potential. Caries Res. 2011; 45(1):24-32.
Barac R, Gasic J, Trutic N, Sunaric S, Popovic J, Djekic P, Radenkovic G, Mitic A. Erosive effect of different soft drinks on enamel surface in vitro: application of stylus profilometry. Med. Princ. Pract. 2015; 24(5):451-457.
Cairns AM, Watson M, Creanor SL, Foye RH. The pH and titratable acidity of a range of diluting drinks and their potential effect on dental erosion. J. Dent. 2002; 30(7-8):313-317.
Marchan S, Hector T, Bascombe K. The pH and titratable acidity of still and sparkling flavored waters: the effects of temperature and storage time. Open J. Stoma. 2021; 11:148-158.
Bamise CT, Ogunbodede EO, Olusile AO, Esan TA. Erosive potential of soft drinks in Nigeria. World J. Med. Sci. 2007; 2(2):115-119.
Bamise CT, Ogunbodede EO. Dental erosion: immediate pH changes of commercial soft drinks in Nigeria. Tanz Dent J. 2008; 15(1):1-4.
Obuzor GU, Ajaezi NE. Nutritional content of popular malt drinks produced in Nigeria. Afr. J. Food. Sci. 2010; 4(9):585-590.
Maduakor CU, Onyemelukwe FN, Okonkwo NI, Azubuike CN, Ogu OC, Chukwu I, Maduakor NS. Evaluation of the Cariogenic and Erosive Potential of Some Beverages Consumed in Enugu Metropolis, South East Nigeria. Annu. Res. Rev. Biol. 2020; 35(2):52-60.
Wikipedia. Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria). Available at: en.m.wikepedia.org. Assessed November 2, 2024.
West NX, Hughes JA, Addy M. The effect of pH on the erosion of dentine and enamel by dietary acids in vitro. J. Oral Rehabil. 2001; 28(9):860-864.
Rees J, Loyn T, Hunter L, Sadaghiani L, Gilmour A. The erosive potential of some flavoured waters. Eur. J. Dent. 2007; 1(1):5-9.
Jain P, Nihill P, Sobkowski J, Agustin MZ. Commercial soft drinks: pH and in vitro dissolution of enamel. Gen. Dent. 2007; 55(2):150-154.
Ibekwe NN, Mamora AM, Okoye M, Adelakun TA, Adigwe OP. Physicochemical properties of teas sold in Abuja, Nigeria, and evaluation of their caffeine content using HPLC. J. Pharm. Biores. 2022; 19(1):33-42.
Ciriminna R, Meneguzzo F, Delisi R, Pagliaro M. Citric acid: emerging applications of key biotechnology industrial product. Chem. Cent. J. 2017; 11:1-9.
World Health Organisation (WHO). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2017.
Shrivastava BK. Efficient Management of Reverse Osmosis System in Water Treatment Plant. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 2009; 7(3):2047-2055.
Shaama FA, Wilson AM, Rafeek RN. The pH and titration values of commonly used beverages in Trinidad: A cross-sectional study. J. Health Res. Rev. 2022; 9(1):39-43.
Abdul Wahab NN, Rosman NA, Venkiteswaran A, Abu Bakar N. The effect of temperature and exposure time on the PH of beverages: a pilot study. Proceeding Book of 9th Dental Students’ Scientific Symposium, Malaysia 2019; 1:12-13.
Taji S, Seow WK. A literature review of dental erosion in children. Aust. Dent. J. 2010; 55(4):358-367.
Nayak PP, Singla N, Prasad KV, Rao NS. Are soft drinks soft on teeth? A study on dental erosion caused by soft drinks marketed in India. Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev. 2019; 10(2):245-250.
Featherstone JDB, Lussi A. Understanding the Chemistry of Dental Erosion. In: Lussi A (Ed): Dental Erosion. Monogr Oral Sci. Basel: Karger; 2006, (20): 66–76 p.
Stefanski T, Postek-Stefanska L. Possible ways of reducing dental erosive potential of acidic beverages. Aust. Dent. J. 2014; 53(3), 280-288.
Surarit R, Jiradethprapai K, Lertsatira K, Chanthongthiti J, Teanchai C, Horsophonphong S. Erosive potential of vitamin waters, herbal drinks, carbonated soft drinks, and fruit juices on human teeth: An in vitro investigation. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospects 2023; 17(3):129-135.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Tropical Journal of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
